Matin Research Journal

Matin Research Journal

A Study of Ayatollah Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani’s Role in Constitutionalists’ Sit-in in UK Embassy (A Glance at Imam Khomeini’s Opinion)

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Assistant Professor, Department of History of Iranian Revolution, Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The sit-in of around 20,000 people of Tehran in July and August 1906 in UK Embassy is a highly debated issue in the history of constitutionalism. Lasting for a month, the sit-in came to an end after issuance of Constitutional Order by Mozaffar al-Din Shah of Qajar. There is no consensus on the name(s) of organizer(s) and decision-maker(s) behind the sit-in plan, although the role played by  Ayatollah Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani, a prominent Shia cleric and one of the leaders of Constitutional Movement, is worthy of deliberation. This paper intends to shed light on Ayatollah Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani’s role in organizing sit-in in UK Embassy through reviewing opinions for and against the move. An outstanding character opposing the sit-in was Ahmad Kasravi, whose opinion was endorsed by Imam Khomeini. Findings, came through review of various sources and documents on the move and opinions of the historians and researchers, indicate that the sit-in was a recommendation by Ayatollah Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani to a limited number of merchants for their safety and security and it was not a public call for sit-in in the UK Embassy. However, the recommendation found extensive dimensions, apparently contrary to what the ayatollah meant at the beginning, but the roles and influence of his followers and key figures in his house must not be ignored to that effect.
Keywords

  • Afary, Janet .(2006) The Iranian Constitutional Revolution 1906-1911, Reza Rezaei (trans.), Tehran: Biston.. (In persion)
  • Bashiri, Ahmad . (1984) Blue Book: Confidential reports of the British Ministry of Foreign Affairs about Iran's constitutional revolution, Tehran: New Publishers. (In persion)
  • Beheshtiseresht, Mohsen. (2001) The Role of Scholars in Politics (From the Constitution to the Fall of the Qajar), Tehran: Research Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution. (In persion)
  • Brown, Edward. (1997) Iran's Constitutional Revolution, Mehri Qazvini (trans.), Tehran: Kavir. (In persion)
  • Davodi, Mehdi. (1993) Ain al-Dawlah and the Constitutional Regime, Tehran: Pocket Books Publishers.(In persion)
  • Dolatabadi, Yahya. (1992) Hayat Yahya, Tehran: Attar and Ferdous. (In persion)
  • Hosseinian, Ruhollah. (1998) Fourteen Centuries of Shiite Efforts to Stay and Develop, Tehran: Islamic Revolution Documentation Center. (In persion)
  • Jafarian, Rasul. (1999) Sit-in of Constitutionalists in the British Embassy, Tehran: Institute of Contemporary History of Iran. (In persion)
  • Kasravi, Ahmad. (1990) Constitutional History of Iran, Tehran: Amir kabir. (In persion)
  • Khomeini, Seyed Ruhollah. (1989) Velayat-e Faqih (Guardianship of Jurisprudent), Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khomeini's Works. (In persion)
  • Khomeini, Seyed Ruhollah. (2006) ) Collection of Imam Works (22-volume series), Tehran: Imam Khomeini Publishing House, 4th edition.)In Persian)
  • Khomeini, Seyed Ruhollah. (n.d.) Kashf Asrar, Qom: Dar al-Kitab. (In persion)
  • Laqaei, Azita. (2010) "Reflections on the sit-in at the British Embassy", Iranian Contemporary History Quarterly, Vol. 18.
  • Mahmoud, Mahmoud. (1999) History of political relations between Iran and Britain in the 19th century, Tehran: Iqbal(In persion).
  • Malekzadeh, Mahdi. (1994) History of Iran's Constitutional Revolution, Tehran: Scientific Publishers. (In persion)
  • Mo’aser, Hassan. (1969) The history of the establishment of constitutionalism in Iran extracted from the confidential documents of the British Foreign Ministry, Tehran: Ibn Sina. (In persion)
  • Mollaiy Tavani, Alireza. (2019) Striving for Freedom (another narrative of Iran's Constitutional Revolution), Tehran: Research Institute of Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution. (In persion)
  • Namvar, Rahim. (1978) Some considerations about the history of the constitutional revolution, Tehran: Chapar. (In persion)
  • Nazem-ul-Islam Kermani, Mohammad. (1994) History of the Awakening of Iranians, Ali Akbar Saeedi Sirjani (ed.), Tehran: Peykan. (In persion)
  • Office of research and planning and authoring. (1986) Contemporary history of Iran, third year of high school, Tehran: Ministry of Education. (In persion)
  • Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza. (1966) The White Revolution, Tehran: Pahlavi Royal Library. (In persion)
  • Ra’in, Ismail. (1976) Secret Societies in the Constitutional Revolution, Tehran: Javidan. (In persion)
  • Ra’in, Ismail. (1994) British salary earners in Iran, Tehran: Javidan. (In persion)
  • Rezvani, Mohammad Ismail. (2002) Iran's Constitutional Revolution, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Pubishers. (In persion)
  • Rouhani, Hamid. (2002) Imam Khomeini's Movement, Vol. 1, Tehran: Uruj. (In persion)
  • Rouhani, Hamid. (2003) Imam Khomeini's Movement, Vol. 3, Tehran: Uruj. (In persion)
  • Salwar, hero of Mirza. (1997) Diary of Ain al-Saltanah , Masoud Salour and Iraj Afshar (eds.), Tehran: Asatir. (In persion)
  • Shamim, Ali Asghar. (1991) Iran during the Qajar dynasty, Tehran: Scientific Publishers. (In persion)
  • Sharif Kashani, Mohammad Mahdi. (2004) Accidental events in our time, Mansoureh Laghyan (Nizam Mafi) and Sirus Saadovandian (eds.), Tehran: Tarikh Iran Publishers.
  • Sheikh al-Islami, Javad. (1988) Atabak's murder, Tehran: Kayhan. (In persion)
  • Tafreshi Hosseini, Ahmad. (1972) Newspaper of Iran's Constitutional and Revolutionary News, Seyyed Ahmad Tafreshi Hosseini's Notes by Iraj Afshar, Tehran: Amir Kabir. (In persion)
  • Takmil Homayoun, Nasser. (2013) Iran's Constitutionalism, Tehran:Center for the Study of Islam and Iran. (In persion)
  • Taqavi, Mustafa. (2004) The Rise and Fall of Constitutionalism, Tehran: Institute for Contemporary History Studies of Iran. (In persion)
  • Tehrani (Katouzian), Mohammad Ali. (2000) Social and political observations and analysis of Iran's constitutional history, with an introduction by Dr. Nasser Katouzian, Tehran: Center for the Study of Islam and Iran. (In persion)
  • Turkaman Dehnavi, Mohammad. (1983) Treatises, Letters, Communication, Statements,... of Sheikh Shahid Fazlullah Nouri, Tehran: Rasa. (In persion)
  • Uruj. (2007) The course of Imam Khomeini's Struggle in the mirror of documents based on Savak reports, Tehran: Uruj. (In persion)
  • Writers group. (2003) The Constitutional Revolution, Collection of articles in Iranica Encyclopedia, Ehsan Yarshater (ed.), Peyman Mateen (trans.) Tehran: Amir Kabir. (In persion)
  • Yazdani, Sohrab. (1998) Kasravi and Iran's Constitutional History, Tehran: Ney Publishing. (In persion)