Matin Research Journal

Matin Research Journal

The Impact of Viewing Options of Sale as Endorsed (Imḍā'ī) vs. Established (Ta'sīsī) on the Time Period for Exercising the Option, with an Emphasis on Imam Khomeini's Opinions

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Saeed Hassani
Assistant Professor, Department of Theology Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran.
10.22034/matin.2025.508032.2347
Abstract
The question of whether the time for exercising options of sale (khiyārāt) is immediate (fawriyyat) or permissive (tarākhī) has long been a central challenge in Imamiyyah jurisprudence and Iranian contract law. Determining the allowable timeframe for rescinding or affirming a transaction directly affects the security and stability of commercial dealings. Despite the extensive scholarly discourse on options, the influence of the "endorsement" (imḍā'ī) paradigm on the interpretation of evidence pertaining to immediacy and permissiveness has not yet been systematically examined. This article, drawing on Imam Khomeini’s distinctive theory in Al-Bay', seeks to elucidate how the endorsive approach impacts the legal ruling on the exercise period of an option and to propose a new criterion for distinguishing between immediacy and permissiveness in contractual options. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, the study comparatively analyzes the views of classical juristsــsuch as Shaykh Anṣārīــagainst the rational (‘aqlā’ī) approach advanced by Imam Khomeini and scholars like Ākhūnd Khurāsānī and Nā’īnī, relying on primary jurisprudential sources (Al-Makāsib and Al-Bay'). The findings reveal that under the endorsive approach, options rooted in the practice of rational agents (bunā’ al-‘uqalā’), such as the option for fraud (ghabn), implyــbased on the generality of their evidentiary support ـa permissive timeframe and are not restricted to immediacy. By contrast, institutionally established (ta’sīsī) options, such as those for animals (ḥayawān), the session (majlis), and sight (ru’yat), remain subject to the ruling of immediacy due to their specific shar‘ī nature. This criterion can serve as a basis for revising Article 409 of the Iranian Civil Code and as a theoretical foundation for judicial practice in transactional disputes.
Keywords
Imam Khomeini, Customary Permissiveness (&‌‌‌lsquo
Urfī Tarākhī), Endorsed (Imḍā&‌‌‌rsquo
ī) Options of Sale, Customary Immediacy (&‌‌‌lsquo
Urfī Fawriyyat), Security of Transactions
Subjects
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Matin Research Journal
Volume 28, Issue 110
Spring 2026
Pages 89-115