This research aims to analyze the critical discourse of the concept of "public interest" in the thought of Mirza Malkam Khan and its reflection in the newspaper "Qanun", and examines the way this concept was formulated in contrast to the discourse of Qajar tyranny and the attempt to create a law-based system. Relying on Fairclough's discourse analysis method and Wittgenstein's theory of language games, the research shows that Malkam Khan, by linking concepts such as "law" and "public interest" to the Islamic tradition, tried to create a new discourse in criticizing government structures and promoting social justice. The findings indicate that the public interest in Malkam Khan's thought is not a fixed element, but a discursive construct that is redefined in interaction with power and historical requirements. By combining Islamic and Western intellectual sources, he created a link between Sharia and law, and in this way, strengthened the religious legitimacy of modern institutions of governance. The research results show that the establishment of the "Great Council" as a consultative institution was a manifestation of Malkam Khan's efforts to realize the public interest through the separation of powers, elite dialogue, and the integration of religious principles with legal mechanisms.